Lycopene

Evaluation and Nonsurgical Direction of Beneficial Prostatic Hyperplasia

Alan W. Partin MD, PhD , in Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology , 2021

Other Plant Extracts and Lycopene

Other institute extracts, including extracts ofUrtica dioica,Cucurbita pepo,Opuntia, andSecale cereale (seeTable 145.xix), have been scantly and not homogeneously analyzed in a clinical setting.

Cernilton is a chemical compound prepared from the pollen of rye(Secale cereale), and its efficacy has been assessed in four randomized trials.Wilt et al. (2000) reported pooled analyses of information from these trials. Overall, two trials were placebo-controlled trials, and the other 2 used a dissimilar institute extract as an agile command. The results showed that Cernilton was superior to placebo in terms of self-reported relief of overall symptoms (relative risk, 2.4) and nocturia (relative risk, 2.05). Conversely, there was no difference in terms of PFR and average menses changes from baseline between patients treated with Cernilton and those receiving placebo. All studies were short-term (maximum 24 weeks), and the overall quality was deemed to be poor.

In conclusion, although Cernilton seems to provide modest relief of symptoms, its efficacy in treating patients with LUTS remains questionable.

As well found extracts, at that place is a considerable corporeality of data assessing the effect of dietary antioxidants on prostatic diseases; amid them, lycopene and selenium have shown controversial results in terms of LUTS relief ( Holton et al., 2016;Kristal et al., 2008).

Lycopene is a nonprovitamin A carotenoid with stiff antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity that has been found to modulate cell growth in the prostate through inhibition of 5α-reductase and IL-half-dozen signaling (Holzapfel et al., 2013). Similarly, selenium exerts epigenetic and antioxidant furnishings that may play a function in prostate growth and inflammation (Vinceti et al., 2014). A combination of lycopene and selenium withSerenoa repens (Ser-Ly-Se; commercially known as Profluss) has been proposed with the aim to better the efficacy of the latter in the treatment of patients with LUTS. Preclinical data showed that Ser-Ly-Se was more effective thanSerenoa repens alone in decreasing the prostate inflammatory response, decreasing growth cistron expression, and improving histologic features (Bonvissuto et al., 2011). Similarly, in a rat model treated with testosterone, the administration of Ser-Ly-Se inhibited prostate growth by 83% (Altavilla et al., 2011).

In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study, 225 patients were treated with either Ser-Ly-Se, tamsulosin, or a combination of both drugs (Morgia et al., 2014). The results showed that the combination of tamsulosin plus Ser-Ly-Se was superior to each drug solitary in terms of symptom relief and PFR increase after 12 months of handling, thus suggesting a possible role of combining an α1-blocker with a establish extract administered together with two strong antioxidants for the treatment of patients with moderate LUTS.

Herbal and Other Dietary Supplements That Are Antioxidants

Amitava Dasgupta PhD, DABCC , Kimberly Klein MD , in Antioxidants in Nutrient, Vitamins and Supplements, 2014

16.two.8 Lycopene Supplement

Lycopene is a naturally occurring compound that contributes to the red colour of fruits and vegetables and is a carotenoid antioxidant. Lycopene is found in loftier amounts in tomatoes merely is likewise present in watermelons, pinkish grapefruits, apricots, and pink guavas. 1 cup (240  mL) of tomato plant juice provides approximately 23   mg of lycopene. Processing raw tomatoes using heat (e.thou., in the making of tomato plant juice, tomato paste, or ketchup) transforms natural lycopene to a form that is easier to apply past the human being body. People have lycopene to prevent cardiovascular affliction and cancer of the prostate, chest, lung, bladder, ovaries, colon, every bit well every bit pancreas. Lycopene and lycopene supplementation can lower the risk of coronary artery disease, probably due to its fantabulous antioxidant backdrop. When healthy people ingested lycopene in the course of tomato plant juice, tomato plant sauce, and as soft-gel sheathing supplement for 1 calendar week, a significantly lower concentration of oxidized LDL was observed in these subjects compared to controls. A multicenter 10-state European trial as well showed that lycopene can reduce the take a chance of myocardial infarction. Lycopene can as well lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the levels of enzyme essential for cholesterol synthesis past the man body [38]. However, the protective issue of lycopene against various types of cancer is controversial because various studies take obtained conflicting results.

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Lycopenes as Antioxidants in Gastrointestinal Diseases

Nurşen Başaran , ... A. Ahmet Başaran , in Gastrointestinal Tissue, 2017

Bioavailability and Kinetics of Lycopene

Lycopene bioavailability can be afflicted by many factors such as food processing and dietary composition. Improper processing and storage including exposure to light and oxygen may alter the ratio of lycopene isomers or dethrone lycopene entirely [27]. Nutrient processing, specially thermal processing, may meliorate lycopene bioavailability past breaking down cell walls, which weakens the bonding forces between lycopene and tissue matrix, thus making lycopene more than accessible and enhancing the cis-isomerization. The bioavailability of cis-isomers in nutrient is higher than that of all-trans isomers. In vitro experiments support the conclusion that increased bioavailability of lycopene cis-isomers is at to the lowest degree partially due to increased micellarization and increased uptake by the enterocyte compared to all-trans lycopene. The amount of lycopene present in candy love apple products is oftentimes much college than fresh tomatoes given that processing is often involves concentration via water loss. Multiple studies accept shown that lycopene from thermally candy tomato products is more bioavailable than lycopene from fresh tomatoes [28]. It is found that ketchup contains nine.9–13.44   mg lycopene/100   thousand, whereas fresh tomatoes contain 0.88–7.44   mg lycopene/100   thousand wet weight [22,29].

Bioavailability of lycopene is besides greatly affected past dietary composition. Since it is a lipid-soluble compound, consuming it with fat increases its bioavailability. For instance, consuming salads with full-fat dressing results in higher blood carotenoid levels than eating salads with reduced fat dressing. When salads were consumed without fat in the same study, no measurable lycopene uptake occurred [30]. The consumption of tomato salsa with avocado (equally lipid source) led to a 4.iv-fold increment in lycopene assimilation as compared with salsa without avocado [31].

It is believed that lycopene was absorbed by passive diffusion as lipids. Many studies suggested that lycopene absorption may be facilitated by other transporters, but this has not been confirmed yet [32,33]. Once within the enterocyte, lycopene is packaged with other dietary lipids into chylomicrons and released into the lymphatic organization for send to the liver. It is transported by the lipoproteins into the plasma for distribution to the different organs [34,35]. Competition by other carotenoids or cholesterol may also influence lycopene absorption [x]. Historic period, gender, hormonal status, body mass and composition, blood lipid levels, smoking, and alcohol may influence the absorption of lycopene [36].

Human organs store lycopene in varying degrees. Lycopene is found in the highest concentrations in the liver, testes, adrenal glands, and adipose tissues. Information technology is found in lower concentrations in the kidney, ovary, lung, and prostate [37].

Very little is known about the in vivo metabolism of lycopene. Only a few metabolites, such as 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrolycopene, have been detected in human plasma. Information technology is suggested that lycopene may undergo in vivo oxidation to form epoxides, which then may exist converted to the polar 5,6-dihydoxy-v,6-dihydrolycopene through metabolic reduction [38].

In humans, lycopene absorption is in the range of 10%–30% with the residuum being excreted [36,39].

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Lycopene and Retinal Paint Epithelial Cells

Chi-Ming Chan , Chi-Feng Hung , in Handbook of Nutrition, Diet and the Middle, 2014

Abstruse

Lycopene, a naturally occurring ruby-red carotenoid paint found in tomatoes, pinkish grapefruit, watermelon, and other fruits, is associated with many beneficial effects on human health. In the homo eye, lycopene is present in the retinal paint epithelium (RPE)-choroid, ciliary trunk, and iris. The suppressive capability of lycopene on oxidation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and prison cell proliferation and migration has been shown for multiple cell types. In this chapter, these effects of lycopene and its derivatives are summarized, with a focus on in vitro studies. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms behind the actions of lycopene on homo RPE cells, and the potential beneficial furnishings of lycopene in the prevention and treatment of historic period-related macular degeneration and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, are discussed.

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Machinery of the Anticancer Effect of Phytochemicals

Misaki Ono , ... Shuji Nakano , in The Enzymes, 2015

2 Bioavailability and Tissue Distribution of Lycopene

Lycopene is constitute abundantly in red fruits and vegetables, including tomato plant, watermelon, pink grapefruit, apricots, pink guava, and papaya [24]. It is produced by vegetables and fruits, with tomatoes and processed tomato plant products being the near abundant sources [25,26]. In the The states, men and women consume an average of six.8 and iv.6   mg of lycopene/twenty-four hours, respectively [27]. Lycopene is a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing 11 conjugated and 2 unconjugated double bonds. As with other carotenoids, the double bonds in lycopene tin can undergo isomerization from trans to mono or poly-cis isomers by light, thermal energy, and chemical reactions [28]. All-trans-lycopene, a natural form of lycopene, comprises 94–96% of total lycopene included in red tomato [29]. When ingested in its natural trans form, lycopene is poorly absorbed [30]. However, isomerization of lycopene from all-trans to cis configuration past heat processing increases its bioavailability [ii]. Various cis-isomers constitute more than 60% of the total lycopene concentration in human plasma, just the differential biological activity of individual isomers notwithstanding remains unknown (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Lycopene source and tissue distribution. Lycopene is found abundantly in red fruits and vegetables. Lycopene intake ~   10   mg per twenty-four hour period. Human plasma concentration of lycopene is approximately 0.1–ane.0   μmol/L. The majority of body lycopene is found in the adipose tissue, with most of the remaining lycopene being found in the liver (17–23%) and plasma (5–half dozen%).

In humans, plasma lycopene levels significantly increase post-obit intake of tomato or tomato-based food products [31]. Lycopene is a very lipophilic molecule, and therefore, it must be solubilized to be absorbed from a food, offset by emulsification in the gastric contents and and so incorporation into mixed micelles in the duodenum equally facilitated by bile acid surfactants and lipases. Due to its lipophilic character, the add-on of lipids to lycopene-containing foods can enhance the bioavailability [31]. The bulk of torso lycopene is found in the adipose tissue, with most of the remaining lycopene being found in the liver (17–23%) and plasma (5–half-dozen%). Lycopene is as well found to concentrate in the adrenal gland, testis, and prostate gland [31] (Fig. 2).

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Lycopenes and Related Compounds

G. Tang , in Encyclopedia of Human being Nutrition (Third Edition), 2013

Abstract

Lycopene, a carotene with brilliant cherry-red pigment in ripe cerise tomatoes, is routinely consumed past humans today. The foods rich in lycopene are normally love apple products, such as, catsup, tomato sources, tomato juice, etc., and another fruit, such as watermelon. Lycopene tin can exist detected in man apportionment and in tissues in both all- trans and cis forms. As a lipophilic antioxidant, information technology has been demonstrated equally 1 of the most efficient singlet-oxygen-quenchers. Homo studies linked intakes of tomato and lycopene and serum or plasma lycopene concentrations to the subsequent evolution of cancers, reduction of degenerative disease, and reduced risks of cardiovascular disease.

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Dietary Antioxidants in Prostate Cancer

Chris Hamilton , ... Kim O'Neill , in Cancer, 2014

Lycopene

Lycopene (too called rhodopurpurin or nonprovitamin A carotenoid) is a powerful antioxidant present in tomatoes and other vegetables and fruits. Different nearly vitamins (e.g., vitamin C), the bioavailability of lycopene increases upon cooking, 22 partially considering processing tomato-based foods releases lycopene tightly leap to vegetable fibers, allowing lycopene to be more readily bachelor to be absorbed in the digestive tract. It has long been thought that, due to lycopene's potent antioxidant effects, it can help foreclose cellular damage by ROS that could lead to chronic illness or cancer. 23

Etminan et al. published research on the role of tomato products in preventing prostate cancer and found that increased intake of these foods—cooked or raw—exercise provide some protection against prostate cancer when lycopersicon esculentum production intake is loftier (10 or more than servings per calendar week). 24,25 Other studies, still, failed to detect a correlation between lycopene and prostate cancer. 26 A possible explanation has recently been proposed for this inconsistency: Goodman and coworkers reported that dissimilar levels of expression of the XRCC1 gene—responsible for aiding in Deoxyribonucleic acid damage repair—affects whether lycopene will decrease prostate cancer chance. 27

However, Kristal et al. published a report showing that lycopene had no clan with prostate cancer gamble. 28 In their report, an increase in lycopene serum concentration of 10 μg/dL was associated with a vii% decrease in prostate cancer detection via prostate specific antigen (PSA), only likewise was correlated with an increment in 8% of cancers detected without a biopsy sample. 28 These conflicting findings led Kristal to advise additional studies with lycopene before medical authorities can recommend it as a potential anticancer amanuensis. 28

The mechanism by which lycopene may foreclose prostate cancer is even so under investigation, simply a review article by Johary et al. suggests ii mechanisms: nonoxidative and oxidative. In the nonoxidative mechanism, lycopene suppresses carcinogen-phosphorylation of p53 and other tumor suppressor genes, preventing deregulation of these proteins. 29 Additionally, lycopene also helps terminate cellular division at the G0-G1 phase of the cell bike, which could prevent new tumors from becoming aggressive by uncontrolled division. In the oxidative mechanism, lycopene may protect oxidation of important proteins and lipoproteins, thus helping maintain their proper part in the cell. Agarwal and Rao found that men who had low levels of lycopene and high levels of ROS had higher incidence of prostate cancer, hinting at a potential directly benefit of lycopene at preventing prostate cancer in those with high oxidative stress. 25

Despite these apparent benefits from tomato products, piddling is known almost the precise mechanism by which lycopene works equally an anticarcinogen. Earlier lycopene tin can be recommended as a cancer protective amanuensis, further studies are needed to ensure that the apparent benefit from lycopene isn't actually due to other nutrients present in foods high in lycopene content.

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Mechanism of the Anticancer Consequence of Phytochemicals

S. Zahra Bathaie , ... Fuyuhiko Tamanoi , in The Enzymes, 2015

three.three.2 Dna Methylation Status

Green tea polyphenols like EGCG act every bit a potent anticancer compound against MCF-7 (ER+) and MDA-MB-231 (ER−) breast cancer cells by epigenetically regulating hTERT [92]. It was shown that downregulation of hTERT gene expression in MCF-7 cells is largely due to epigenetic alterations in hTERT promoter, i.e., fourth dimension-dependent hypomethylation (DNA methyl transferase inhibition) of hTERT promoter [66,92].

EGCG treatment, in a dose-dependent manner, decreased global DNA methylation levels in A431 cells. EGCG decreased the levels of 5-methylcytosine, DNMTs activity, both mRNA and protein levels of DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b [95].

The effect of curcumin on receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) gene expression was investigated in two human glioblastoma cells (U251 and U87). Therapeutic concentrations of curcumin in these cells induced significantly the RANK expression, at both mRNA and protein levels. Information technology was shown that this acme is associated with promoter demethylation by DNA demethylase. In addition, knockdown of STAT3, an oncogenic transcription factor, is sufficient to induce RANK promoter demethylation along with RANK reactivation. This study indicates the importance of STAT3 inhibition involving RANK promoter hypermethylation and epigenetic silencing [98].

Dimethoxycurcumin (DMC), a more than stable analogue of curcumin, can induce unlike epigenetic changes compared with curcumin in leukemia cells. DMC induces the expression of promoter methylated genes. The combination of DMC with DNMT inhibitors could harness their combined induced epigenetic changes for optimal reexpression of epigenetically silenced genes. In fact, DMC can induce the expression of promoter methylated genes without reversing DNA methylation, suggesting a possible synergistic induction mechanism of gene expression upon combining DMC with DNMT inhibitors [99].

Lycopene of apo-10′-lycopenal handling of androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells had no result on mRNA expression and DNA methylation of GSTP1. 58 These findings demonstrate that lycopene and apo-x′-lycopenal are not effective demethylating agents of GSTP1 in the human LNCaP cell line [100]. Like results were reported recently in these cells, but lycopene treatment significantly decreased the GSTP1 promoter methylation and increased the GSTP1 mRNA in an androgen-independent PC-3 prison cell line [101]. These results indicated hormone dependent action of lycopene in prostate cancer cells.

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Prostate Cancer

Richard T. Lee Physician , in Integrative Medicine (4th Edition), 2018

Lycopene

Lycopene is a cancer-fighting antioxidant vitamin that gives tomatoes, strawberries, and watermelon their rosy color. Although not all studies have institute that lycopene confers a protective upshot confronting prostate cancer, 36 information from a variety of example-control and large prospective studies focusing on dietary assessment evidence a beneficial result, especially against advanced prostate cancer. 37-39 Co-ordinate to one study, men who consumed tomato plant products four times weekly reduced their prostate cancer chance past 20% and those who ate 10 or more helpings weekly reduced their adventure by 45%. 40 Studies have also been conducted in men with prostate cancer, with some indicating an ability to bear upon progression. 41-43

Lycopene is plant within the cells of love apple and should be cooked to assist release lycopene and increment bioavailability. Other sources of lycopene include papaya, watermelon, pink guava, and pink grapefruit. Men with prostate cancer should consider incorporating foods with lycopene.

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Nutraceuticals, Dietary Supplements, and Functional Foods equally Alternatives for the Relief of Neuropathic Pain

Gislaine Francieli da Silva , ... Nara Lins Meira Quintão , in Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Illness, 2015

Lycopene

Lycopene, a non-pro-vitamin A carotenoid, is synthesized by microorganisms and plants, especially by tomatoes, and it is 1 of the well-nigh potent antioxidants among the dietary carotenoids mainly due to its many conjugated double bonds ( Krishnamoorthy et al., 2013). Indian researchers have shown that mice with diabetic neuropathy treated with lycopene showed attenuated latency and thermal hyperalgesia. Lycopene as well inhibited TNF-α and NO release in a dose-dependent manner (Kuhad et al., 2008). In the same yr, researchers demonstrated that chronic treatment with lycopene for four weeks significantly attenuated the common cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in diabetic animals (Kuhad and Chopra, 2008), emphasizing the office of antioxidants such every bit lycopene equally an adjuvant therapy in the handling of diabetic neuropathy.

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